Mediterranean diet and cardiodiabesity: a review

Cardiodiabesity has been used to define and describe the well-known relationship between type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), obesity, the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The objective of this study was to perform a scientific literature review with a systematic search to examine all the cardiovascular risk factors combined and their relationship with adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) pattern as primary prevention against cardiodiabesity in a holistic approach. Research was conducted using the PubMed database including clinical trials, cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies. Thirty-seven studies were reviewed: fourteen related to obesity, ten to CVD, nine to MetS, and four to T2DM. Indeed 33 provided strong evidence on the association between adherence to a MedDiet and a reduced incidence of collective cardiodiabesity risk in epidemiological studies. This scientific evidence makes the MedDiet pattern very useful for preventive strategies directed at the general population and also highlights the need to consider all these diet-related risk factors and health outcomes together in daily primary care

Caracterización de nuevos retrotransposones de naranjo. Desarrollo de marcadores basados en retrotranposones para la evaluación de la biodiversidad de los cítricos

En este trabajo se han obtenido múltiples secuencias de dominios relevantes de los dos tipos de retrotranspones (RTN) con LTR: Ty1-copia y Ty3-gipsy, mediante amplificación por PCR con cebadores degenerados del DNA genómico de Citrus sinensis (naranjo dulce) de la variedad "Valencia late". Del análisis de las secuencias obtenidas se han podido identificar, en base a estudios filogenéticos, 7 familias de tipo copia (CIRE1-CIRE7) y 6 familias de gipsy (GySiA-GySiF) diferentes. Por reconstrucción genómica se ha estimado en 10.000 y 5.000 el número total de RTN tipo copia y gipsy, respectivamente, presentes en el genoma haploide del naranjo, los cuales ocuparían alrededor del 23% del genoma de C. sinensis.Se ha determinado la secuencia entera de un nuevo RTN copia CIRE1 (de aproximadamente 5 kb y con 2 LTR de alrededor de 460 pb), a partir de una secuencia parcial de la región de la transcriptasa inversa, combinando PCR inversa y PCR directa sobre DNA genómico. Este elemento (Nº Acc.: AM040263) presenta una pauta de lectura sin interrupciones por codones parada y la traducción conceptual a aminoácidos se realiza sin ningún cambio de pauta de lectura. Los motivos estructurales y funcionales están conservados comparando su secuencia con otros RTN copia caracterizados. CIRE1 representa el 2,9% del genoma del naranjo con aproximadamente 2.200 copias por genoma haploide. Se concluye que la mayoría de las copias de CIRE1 en C. sinensis están completas. Se ha descartado también una presencia significativamente importante de solo-LTR de CIRE1. Se ha comprobado, por PCR específica y Southern blot, que CIRE1 está presente en diferentes especies de cítricos así como en otras rutáceas como Fortunilla o Poncirus, sugiriendo que el RTN estaba presente en estadios tempranos de la especiación de la familia Rutaceae. En cambio, CIRE1 no se ha detectado en otras especies de monocotiledóneas o dicotiledóneas fuera de las rutáceas. La secuencia de la LTR5' de CIRE1 presenta cajas típicas de los promotores eucariotas, así como hipotéticos elementos reguladores, entre ellos motivos descritos de respuesta a auxinas, ácido jasmónico y asociados a la expresión específica en raíz. La LTR5' de CIRE1 es capaz de dirigir la actividad GUS en experimentos de transformación de sistemas heterólogos, asimismo se observa un incremento de la actividad GUS al aplicar exógenamente la auxina ácido naftalenacético (NAA). Además, CIRE1 es activo transcripcionalmente. En condiciones normales, se detectan transcritos de CIRE1 en raíz aunque no en hoja. El nivel de transcritos se incrementa considerablemente en el tejido foliar en respuesta a herida y tras la adición de las fitohormonas ácido jasmónico y naftalenacético. Por otra parte, el estudio de los RTN copia en diez especies del género Citrus y tres especies de géneros próximos de la familia Rutaceae, revela 7 nuevas familias (CIRE8-CIRE14), además de las 7 ya descritas en C. sinensis. Parte de estas secuencias han sido depositadas en la base de datos del EMBL (Nº acc.: AM117724-AM117758). Se concluye que el ancestro común de estas especies vegetales contenía ya una población heterogénea de RTN copia que se expandieron y diversificaron antes de la separación del género Citrus. Por otra parte, se ha estimado el número de elementos copia en dichas especies en el rango de 4.000 - 15.000 copias por genoma haploide, llegando a representar cerca del 22% del genoma en C. clementina. Asimismo, se ha puesto a punto la técnica de SSAP (Polimorfismo de Amplificación Específica de Secuencia) con una secuencia de la LTR de CIRE1 en cítricos. Nuestros resultados muestran polimorfismos entre las trece especies del estudio y los árboles filogenéticos derivados reflejan bien las taxonomías ya publicadas del género basadas en otros marcadores moleculares como RFLP o RAPDs. La técnica SSAP también se ha aplicado para la detección de polimorfismos de inserción de CIRE1 in planta, mostrando patrones de bandas SSAP diferentes en hoja y raíz, sugiriendo mayor transposición de CIRE1 en raíz.We performed an analysis of Ty1-"copia" retrotransposons (RTN) of different commercial citrus species genome. Sequences from "copia"-like RTN have been cloned by PCR amplification using degenerate primers corresponding to the reverse transcriptase (RT) domain for copia [Data deposited as: EMBL accession numbers AM117724-AM117758]. Phylogenetic analysis revealed lack of concordance between phylogenetic tree obtained from RT sequences and taxonomic tree suggesting that different families of Ty1-"copia" existed before "Citrus" speciation. In fact, these elements could be divided into fourteen different families (CIRE1-CIRE14) by their RT similarity. Copy number determination also revealed that copia elements are so abundant throughout the "Citrus" genus, representing around a 22% of the genome in "C.clementina". Particularly, total LTR-RTN represent approximately 23% of the "C.sinensis" (sweet orange) genome, and "copia" (13%) are more abundant than gypsy ones (10%). "Copia" and "Gypsy" elements were divided into seven (CIRE1-CIRE7) and six (GySiA-GySiF) different families, respectively, in this specie. At least, three transcriptionally active copia families were detected by RT-PCR in roots of healthy sweet orange plants but not in leaves. Furthermore, both wounding and some hormones treatment could induce the expression of CIRE1 RTN in leaves. Moreover, complete sequence of CIRE1, which is 5 kb long and has all the features typical of a "copia"-like RTN, has been determined [EMBL accession number AM040263]. CIRE1 elements are conserved in length and have an LTR:internal domain ratio of about 2:1. On average CIRE1 contributes 2.200 full length copies, amounting to 2.9% of the "C. Sinensis" genome and representing 22% of total "copia" group. Furthermore, the LTR5' of CIRE1 can promote the expression of translational LTR-GUS fusion in transient expression assays and preliminary analysis of CIRE1 mobility by SSAP strategy suggest a possible transposition activity in roots.On the other hand, CIRE1 was used to develop retrotransposon-based molecular markers using the technique sequence-specific amplification polymorphism (SSAP), in order to asses biodiversity within "Citrus" and related genera as "Poncirus", "Fortunella" and "Microcitrus". SSAP polymorphic bands have been already observed among thirteen DNA accessions corresponding to those genera. The SSAP markers were used for phylogenetic studies among citrus species, well reflecting the established species phylogeny. </i

CIRE1, a novel transcriptionally active Ty1-copia retrotransposon from Citrus sinensis

LTR retrotransposons (LTR-RTNs) are widespread constituents of eukaryote genomes, particularly plant genomes. Although LTR-RTNs from plants were thought to be transcriptionally silent in somatic tissues, evidences of activity under certain conditions are available for some of them. In order to investigate LTR-RTNs in the Citrus sinensis genome, we analysed them by PCR using degenerate primers corresponding to highly conserved domains. All elements of the two types of LTR-RTN comprise about 23% of the genome, the copia group contribution being higher (13%) than the gypsy one (10%). From dendogram analysis, we report seven new copia RTN families, named CIRE1 to CIRE7. Here, we report on the first complete retrotransposon identified in Citrus (named CIRE1), which has all the features of a typical copia RTN. CIRE1 retrotransposon has around 2,200 full-length copies, contributing to 2.9% of the C. sinensis genome. CIRE1 has a root-specific expression in sweet orange plants. We have also determined that wounding and exogenous application of plant hormones, as methyl jasmonate and auxin, increase the transcription level of CIRE1 in leaf tissues. In addition, we show that CIRE1 5′LTR promoter can drive transient expression of the gus reporter gene in heterologous plant systems. These findings confirm CIRE1 as one of the few transcriptionally active RTNs described in plants and to our knowledge the first one to be reported in Citrus species.LRC was recipient of a predoctoral fellowships from Autonomous Catalan Government (Generalitat) (2001FI 00143). Some funds for this study were provided by CERBA (Generalitat of Catalonia). This work was mainly supported by the grant BIO99-1175 (CICYT) from the MEC of Spanish Govern to JAMI.Peer reviewe

Mediterranean diet and cardiodiabesity: A review

Cardiodiabesity has been used to define and describe the well-known relationship between type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), obesity, the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The objective of this study was to perform a scientific literature review with a systematic search to examine all the cardiovascular risk factors combined and their relationship with adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) pattern as primary prevention against cardiodiabesity in a holistic approach. Research was conducted using the PubMed database including clinical trials, cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies. Thirty-seven studies were reviewed: fourteen related to obesity, ten to CVD, nine to MetS, and four to T2DM. Indeed 33 provided strong evidence on the association between adherence to a MedDiet and a reduced incidence of collective cardiodiabesity risk in epidemiological studies. This scientific evidence makes the MedDiet pattern very useful for preventive strategies directed at the general population and also highlights the need to consider all these diet-related risk factors and health outcomes together in daily primary care

Mediterranean diet and cardiodiabesity: a review

Cardiodiabesity has been used to define and describe the well-known relationship between type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), obesity, the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The objective of this study was to perform a scientific literature review with a systematic search to examine all the cardiovascular risk factors combined and their relationship with adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) pattern as primary prevention against cardiodiabesity in a holistic approach. Research was conducted using the PubMed database including clinical trials, cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies. Thirty-seven studies were reviewed: fourteen related to obesity, ten to CVD, nine to MetS, and four to T2DM. Indeed 33 provided strong evidence on the association between adherence to a MedDiet and a reduced incidence of collective cardiodiabesity risk in epidemiological studies. This scientific evidence makes the MedDiet pattern very useful for preventive strategies directed at the general population and also highlights the need to consider all these diet-related risk factors and health outcomes together in daily primary care

Adherence of Spanish primary physicians and clinical practise to the Mediterranean diet

Background/Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to explore physicians' adherence to the dietary pattern known as the Mediterranean diet (MD). As a secondary objective we assessed physicians' awareness on the benefits of the MD and of the possibility of prescribing it. Subjects/Methods: Physicians' adherence to the MD was evaluated through the Spanish associations SEMERGEN and CAMFIC, who sent the validated PREDIMED screener to their affiliates. The results reflected a high, medium, low or very low level of adherence depending on total score. The sample was drawn between 2014 and 2016. The second questionnaire evaluated the physicians' knowledge of the MD and their opinion about recommending it. Results: The PREDIMED test was answered by 422 Spanish physicians. In 8 out of 14 questions, more than 50% of the individuals scored only 1 point. However, 3 questions resulted in 1 point being scored by almost all physicians. Thus, on average, 55% of questions obtained 1-point scoring. The second questionnaire was answered by 212 physicians; 70% of them considered themselves to be aware of the benefits of the MD. More than 60% said they could invest 5 min of their time to recommend the MD. Conclusions: Primary care physicians do not show a high level of adherence to the MD and emphasize the need for creating tools to evaluate it in their patients. This research can be useful as both a database and a justification for the creation of a new protocol to help physicians increase their own and their patient' MD adherence